Historians and sociologists explore the influence of CGIAR, a consortium of national governments, foreign aid agencies, philanthropies, United Nations agencies, and international financial institutions, and its affiliated international research centres. It examines whether and how science-led development has changed the practices of farmers, researchers, and policymakers in five continents. 

This article explores the affordability gap, or the difference between a household’s actual spending on food and the lowest cost of meeting nutrient needs for that household. The authors of this study look to advance previous research from the Fill the Nutrient Gap analyses done by the World Food Programme. They encourage tracking and monitoring of the affordability gap to support better social assistance programs to make nutrient-adequate diets more affordable. 

This report from the UK’s International Institute for Environment and Development and Dutch development aid organisation Hivos discusses how citizens’ agency (i.e. ability to act freely and make independent choices) can be supported within food systems in the context of a development sector that is often strongly driven by stakeholders from the Global North.

This report, published by a group of African and German nonprofits, critically assesses the work of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA). AGRA was founded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation, and has received nearly $1 billion in funding. 

This book uses case studies from Africa, Asia and Latin America to argue that, in the right circumstances, home gardens can help to supply people with food and income. It explores how home gardening relates to gender, food security, resilience and poverty alleviation.

This paper sets out the results of an event held by UK NGO the Food Ethics Council on 10 June 2020, which discussed the advantages and drawbacks of Universal Basic Income as a way of contributing to fairer food systems.

The 2020 edition of the Global Food Policy Report from the International Food Policy Research Institute looks at how to make food systems inclusive of smallholders, women, and people affected by poverty or conflict.

This report from the International Institute for Environment and Development explores the potential to use “biocredits” to protect biodiversity. Biocredits are an economic instrument that allows the creation and trade of “biodiversity units”. Biocredits would be bought by people or institutions that want to invest in protecting biodiversity, and the money from their initial sale would fund conservation activities that increase biodiversity above a baseline level. The report distinguishes between biocredits and biodiversity offsets, which are used to compensate for habitats that have been destroyed, e.g. because of construction projects.